This is a bug with the Android app. You shouldn’t be able to save actions as Scheduled without also specifying the scheduled date. And without the scheduled date, the items don’t appear in the list. Sorry for the inconvenience and thank you for reporting.
The database is stored in the application storage and is not normally accessible via file manager (that’s why the app doesn’t ask for SD card permissions when you run it).
I think the easiest way would indeed be to sync to a laptop and fix the actions in the desktop app.Then you will be able to both access the database and to fix the action directly in the Scheduled list (the desktop app should still show these items).
Did you follow this? Everdo Network Sync Guide
I will take a look at those logs.